🧂 CBSE Class 11-12 & NEET-UG Chemistry Practical

Step-by-Step Qualitative Salt Analysis Simulator

Master the systematic identification of unknown inorganic salts. Perform physical dry heating, platinum wire flame tests, anion wet tests (Brown Ring test), and cation group separation flowcharts without toxic fumes or chemical waste.

Start Systematic Salt IdentificationTry Volumetric Titration Simulator
Select Laboratory Salt Specimen

Lead Nitrate — Pb(NO₃)₂

Reaction Test Tube
Observation: White crystalline solid
Preliminary Crystal Examination
White crystalline solid
Dry Heating in Dry Test Tube
Decrepitation (crackling sound) with reddish-brown NO₂ gas and yellow PbO residue.
💡 NCERT Lab Tip: Always note the color of both the cold residue and hot residue. Zinc oxide is yellow when hot and white when cold.
🎯 CBSE Practical Exam Viva & Scorecard Summary

In your external practical answer book, document your findings following the strict 8-mark NCERT tabular scheme:

Identified Cation (4 Marks):
Lead Ion (Pb²⁺)
Identified Anion (4 Marks):
Nitrate Ion (NO₃⁻)
Confirmed Salt Formula:
Pb(NO₃)₂
Awarded Practical Marks:
8 / 8 Marks (Full Score)

Prescribed NCERT Cations & Anions

Full coverage of basic and acid radicals evaluated in CBSE board exams and NEET-UG.

Zero Group: NH₄⁺CATION

Heated with NaOH solution. Evolution of ammonia gas with choking smell turning red litmus blue. Confirmed by Nessler’s reagent producing reddish-brown iodide of Millon’s base.

Group I: Pb²⁺CATION

Precipitated by dilute HCl as white lead chloride. Soluble in hot water; cooled crystals recrystallize as golden yellow spangles with potassium iodide.

Group II: Cu²⁺CATION

Precipitated by H₂S gas in acidic medium as black CuS. Dissolved in nitric acid, treated with excess ammonia to yield intense royal blue [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺.

Group III: Fe³⁺ & Al³⁺CATION

Precipitated by NH₄OH in presence of NH₄Cl. Iron gives reddish-brown Fe(OH)₃ confirmed by Prussian blue test; Aluminum gives white gelatinous Al(OH)₃ confirmed by Lake test.

Group V: Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺CATION

Precipitated by ammonium carbonate. Differentiated by flame tests: Barium gives persistent apple green, Calcium gives brick red, and Strontium gives crimson red.

Nitrate Anion: NO₃⁻ANION

Heated with conc. H₂SO₄ and copper turnings to evolve pungent brown fumes of NO₂. Confirmed definitively via the classic Brown Ring Test at liquid boundaries.

Salt Analysis Viva Voce & FAQ

Essential questions asked by external practical examiners.