Qualitative Salt Analysis Simulator
Systematic identification of acidic (anions) and basic (cations) radicals for CBSE Class 11, Class 12, and NEET-UG. Learn group reagents, precipitation reactions, and confirmatory flame tests online.
Ammonium Ion (NH₄⁺)
Zero Group • CationSystematic Cation Group Elimination Flowchart
Follow the standard NCERT solubility product (Ksp) based group separation logic.
Group 0: NH₄⁺
No group reagent. Detected directly with dilute NaOH heating. Ammonia gas turns red litmus blue and gives dense white fumes with conc. HCl. Confirmed via Nessler’s reagent.
Group I: Pb²⁺
Reagent: dil. HCl. Insoluble chloride (PbCl₂) precipitate. Dissolves in hot water and produces golden-yellow spangles with potassium iodide (KI).
Group II: Cu²⁺
Reagent: H₂S gas in dilute HCl. Low sulfide ion concentration precipitates CuS as black precipitate. Forms royal blue complex [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ with excess NH₄OH.
Group III: Fe³⁺, Al³⁺
Reagent: NH₄Cl + excess NH₄OH. Common ion effect suppresses OH⁻ concentration, precipitating only insoluble hydroxides Fe(OH)₃ (red-brown) and Al(OH)₃ (gelatinous white).
Group IV: Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺
Reagent: H₂S in NH₄OH. High sulfide concentration precipitates ZnS (dirty white). Soluble in dilute acids.
Group V: Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺
Reagent: (NH₄)₂CO₃ in presence of NH₄Cl and NH₄OH. Produces insoluble carbonates. Confirmed with distinct flame tests (Apple green for Barium, Brick red for Calcium).
Salt Analysis Viva Voce & FAQ
Essential questions asked in CBSE board external practicals.